Red Wolf

The red wolf (Canis rufus) is one of the world’s most endangered canids, with fewer than 20 individuals left in the wild, all in eastern North Carolina. Conservationists are working through coordinated projects that combine captive breeding, reintroduction, and community engagement to prevent its extinction.

Key Project: Red Wolf Recovery Program (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service)

The Red Wolf Recovery Program, led by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS), is the central effort to save the species. Established in 1987, it focuses on rebuilding wild populations through science-based management and partnerships.

Core Actions

  • Captive Breeding Network
    Over 40 accredited zoos and wildlife centersacross the U.S. manage a Species Survival Plan (SSP) to maintain genetic diversity. Pups born in captivity are sometimes placed in wild dens through a process called cross-fostering, helping boost wild numbers naturally.
  • Reintroduction and Monitoring
    The only wild population lives in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge and nearby areas. Wolves are fitted with radio collars for tracking, health checks, and protection from human threats.
  • Community and Landowner Partnerships
    The program works with local landowners to reduce conflicts, promote coexistence, and encourage tolerance for wolves on private lands.
  • Genetic and Health Research
    Ongoing studies aim to preserve genetic integrity and prevent hybridization with coyotes, one of the biggest challenges to red wolf recovery.

Supporting Partners

  • Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA) – Coordinates the Red Wolf SSP breeding program.
  • Red Wolf Coalition – Provides education, advocacy, and community outreach.
  • North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission – Collaborates on field management and monitoring.

The Broader Mission
The Red Wolf Recovery Program, supported by zoos, scientists, and local communities, is the key project keeping this critically endangered species alive — working to restore a self-sustaining wild population and ensure the red wolf’s return to America’s wild landscapes.